That these two models are not equivalent has been shown by Kablitz ( 1988). The passage synthesizes two models: a quasi-mathematical one in which the amount of narrative information is indicated by the formulas derived from Todorov and a more traditional one based on the metaphors of vision and point of view, which is derived from Pouillon and Lubbock.
In the second term, Narrator = Character (the narrator says only what a given character knows) this is narrative with 'point of view' after Lubbock, or with 'restricted field' after Blin Pouillon calls it 'vision with.' In the third term, Narrator < Character (the narrator says less than the character knows) this is the 'objective' or 'behaviorist' narrative, what Pouillon calls 'vision from without'" ( 1980: 188–89). "The first term corresponds to what English-language criticism calls narrative with omniscient narrator and Pouillon 'vision from behind,' and which Todorov symbolizes by the formula Narrator > Character (where the narrator knows more than the character, or more exactly, says more than any of the characters knows).
Genette distinguishes three types or degrees of focalization-zero, internal and external-and explains his typology by relating it to previous theories: This, however, is an underestimation of the conceptual differences between focalization and the traditional terms.
He considers it to be more or less synonymous with these terms, describing it as a mere "reformulation" ( 1988: 65) and "general presentation of the standard idea of 'point of view'" (84). Genette introduced the term "focalization" as a replacement for "perspective" and "point of view" (Niederhoff → Perspective – Point of View). Focalization, a term coined by Genette ( 1972), may be defined as a selection or restriction of narrative information in relation to the experience and knowledge of the narrator, the characters or other, more hypothetical entities in the storyworld.
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